Courses

The first course in our Elementary Spanish sequence, SPAN 100 provides an introduction to basic structures and vocabulary of Spanish, with a focus on all language skills as well as cultural content. It is the equivalent of SPAN 101, but in our Summer school session.

The first course in our Elementary Spanish sequence, SPAN 101 provides an introduction to basic structures and vocabulary of Spanish, with a focus on all language skills as well as cultural content. It is offered in our Directed Independent Spanish Curriculum (DISC) program. As such, students complete course requirements by working independently with technology-based materials. Two weekly Practicum sessions and independent work.

The second course in our Elementary Spanish sequence, SPAN 102 continues our introduction to basic structures and vocabulary of Spanish, with a focus on all language skills as well as cultural content. It is offered through our Directed Independent Spanish Curriculum (DISC) program. As such, students complete course requirements by working independently with technology-based materials. Two weekly Practicum sessions and independent work.

An intensive review of materials covered in our Elementary Spanish sequence, this course is specifically designed for students with high-school experience in Spanish. Five class hours weekly, including two hours of Practicum.

Like SPAN 103, this course provides an intensive review of materials covered in our Elementary Spanish sequence, but is offered through our Directed Independent Spanish Curriculum (DISC) program. As such, students complete course requirements by working independently with technology-based materials. Two weekly Practicum sessions and independent work.

Taught in English, this seminar will focus on the literature of becoming written by women writers of the post-Civil War period in Spain. We will probe the relationship between fiction and reality, as well as the correlation between memory, history and representation in cultural works. As we analyze the cultivation of the adolescent female voice in the construction of literary works, our attention will center upon themes of learning, growth and the insufficiency of language. Representations of violence will be considered through the lenses of history, psychology, culture and gender. As we probe the loss of innocence and the entrance into adulthood, we will observe the psychological evolution of the adolescent heroine against the adult models and the inevitable solitude of the protagonist as she searches for her own voice. Writers include Mercé Rodoreda, Rosa Chacel, Carmen Martín Gaite, Carmen Laforet, Ana María Matute, Esther Tusquets, Adelaida García Morales. Readings and class discussions will be in English.

The first course in our intermediate Spanish sequence, SPAN 201 is designed for students who have completed SPAN 102 or 103 or 108 or the equivalent. The course focuses on all four skills and expands the students general command of Spanish grammar and vocabulary. Students will learn to narrate in the past, present and future, describe people, places and things, give commands, and state opinions. Discussion of short videos as well as cultural and literary readings will help students expand their vocabulary and broaden their understanding of the Spanish-speaking world. Four class hours weekly, including one hour of Practicum.

The second course in our two-semester Intermediate Spanish sequence, SPAN 202 is designed for students who have completed SPAN 201 or 215 or the equivalent. The course focuses on oral expression, reading, writing, and listening comprehension through the use of authentic materials. Students will hone their ability to narrate and describe in different tenses and to express their opinions on a variety of topics and contexts, expanding their vocabulary and grammar. Four class hours weekly, including one hour of Practicum.

An alternative approach to Spanish 201 which allows students to complete course requirements by working independently with technology-based materials. One class hour weekly and laboratory practice.

The second course in our two-semester Intermediate Spanish sequence, SPAN 216 is the equivalent of SPAN 202, but in our Directed Independent Spanish Curriculum program. As such, students complete course requirements by working independently with technology-based materials. One Practicum session weekly and independent work.

Offered in our Directed Independent Spanish Curriculum, SPAN 217 covers our entire two-semester Intermediate Spanish sequence, including both SPAN 201/215 and 202/216, in one course. Students complete course requirements by working independently with technology-based materials. One Practicum session weekly and independent work.

Offered in our Directed Independent Spanish Curriculum, this course integrates health-related terminology and cultural issues into a post-intermediate language curriculum. As such, the course continues to provide grammar and vocabulary instruction while developing writing, reading, speaking and listening skills required for effective communication with Spanish-speaking clients. One Practicum session weekly and independent work.

A prerequisite to other 300- and 400-level courses in Spanish, this class provides composition and conversation practice through the discussion and analysis of texts, podcasts, and films produced by authors and filmmakers from different national and cultural backgrounds. The goal is to expand the students command of Spanish grammar and vocabulary, to develop their communicative and rhetorical skills as well as their fluency and pronunciation, and to reflect critically on the experiences of Spanish-speaking communities across the world. Five hours per week, including two Practicum sessions.

A prerequisite to other 300- and 400-level Spanish classes, this course is for native and heritage students with a high level of oral Spanish proficiency. The class provides reading and writing practice through the discussion and analysis of texts, podcasts, and films produced by authors from different national and cultural backgrounds, including contemporary Latinx and Afro-Latinx writers and filmmakers. Building upon their previous knowledge and experiences, students will broaden their awareness of particular aspects of Spanish-speaking cultures and identities, and practice different writing techniques to suit different purposes. Four hours per week, including one Practicum session.

This course explores different cultural aspects of Spain, focusing on key historical, cultural, artistic, and social developments that have shaped conceptualizations of national, regional, and individual identities on the Iberian peninsula. A key goal is to gain a deeper understanding of what Spain is like today. Conducted in Spanish.

This course introduces students to central debates and problems shaping twentieth- and twenty- first-century Latin American societies and cultures. We address questions of cultural identity, gender, race, class, politics, and aesthetics by looking at historical documents, film, essays, testimonios, and visual art from a transdisciplinary perspective. Key moments in the relations between the US and Latin America are also a major focus of the course. Conducted in Spanish.

This course invites students to engage critically with narrative, poetry, drama, and film in Spanish. We will read a variety of literary works from Latin America and Spain, reflecting on the political, social, and cultural issues they address. Theoretical readings will provide the necessary tools to dissect and discuss both written and visual texts. How does a text work? What makes it elicit certain reactions in the reader? Why is it appealing (or not!)? Through close readings, students will learn to analyze literary texts and articulate their views with clarity and conviction. Conducted in Spanish.

A thematic examination of Latin American literature from pre-Columbian times to the present day. Through representative readings from the rich variety of Hispanic cultures in Latin America, including South and Central America, the Caribbean, and U.S. Latinx culture, the course teaches students to analyze primary and secondary sources related to a theme of the instructor's choosing as well as to contextualize representative primary texts' significance within Latin American culture, enhancing their writing and speaking skills. Selected themes have included Fantasy and Reality, Borders, Power, and Protest Literature. Conducted in Spanish.

A thematic examination of Iberian Spanish literature from medieval times to the present day. Through representative readings from a range of genres and periods, the course teaches students to analyze primary and secondary sources related to a particular theme chosen by the professor, as well as to contextualize representative primary texts' significance within Spanish culture, enhancing their writing and speaking skills. Selected themes have included literary landscapes, representations of otherness, and the concept of humanity in literature. Conducted in Spanish.

Through a hands-on learning approach to the art of filmmaking, students will explore and experiment with the core components of cinematographic production: screenplay writing, directing, lighting, sound engineering, camera technique, and digital editing. As a focused language course, the class is designed to introduce students to the artistic and technical terminology employed in Spanish and Latin American film production. Moreover, students will purposefully use Spanish as they write, design, create, and edit film projects of their own. This course includes a Community-Based Learning component in which students may collaborate with a local organization that serves Spanish speakers to produce a short documentary film. Conducted in Spanish.

This course seeks to expand the students overall command of Spanish, to increase their cross-linguistic awareness, and to develop their ability to communicate effectively in professional settings. It focuses on areas such as advertising, tourism, transportation, international travel, imports, human resources, accounting, banking, and job hunting. Covering basic terminology in each area, the course addresses both oral and written skills, as well as cross-cultural differences in business practices and etiquette. Conducted in Spanish.

This course explores different aspects of the human experience of illness, dis/ability, and healthcare in Latin America and the United States. Inspired by the Health Humanities interdisciplinary field, it examines medical perspectives and caring practices through the lenses of specific cultural conceptualizations of medicine and healing, as well as the systems of oppression that cause physical and existential suffering among patients and their loved ones. Readings will allow students to discuss the tensions between Western biomedicine and Indigenous healing practices; the central roles of colonialism and racism in shaping healthcare and well-being; and issues of reproductive justice, disability, mental health, human rights, and bioethics. Students will analyze a variety of cultural sources, including visual art, literary texts, podcasts, and films. This course includes a Community Based Learning component.

This course seeks to help students improve their pronunciation of Spanish and their knowledge of the sound system of the language, including not only individual units (vowels and consonants), but also suprasegmental features such as rhythm, volume, and intonation. The class provides hands-on-practice with phonetic transcription and pronunciation analysis. It also introduces students to sound changes in the history of Spanish and dialectal differences in the spoken language. Conducted in Spanish.

This course provides students with the opportunity, resources and stimuli to refine their oral skills in Spanish through structured and meaningful practice. Students will use language in context to expand self-expression through a variety of activities: poetry recitation, dialogues, role playing, debates and oral presentations. This course will also acquaint students with the rhythms, intonations and gestures typical of contemporary spoken Spanish. Students will use a variety of resources: literary texts, films, newspaper articles, and video interviews (reflecting a wide range of dialectal variation) and will explore controversial topics designed to provoke substantive conversation. Finally, frequent writing assignments and research tasks will complement the main emphasis on development of oral skills. Native speakers are not eligible to enroll in this course.

Translation is an activity that combines the intellectual with the practical, allowing students to refine not only their research and analytical skills, but also their lexical and grammatical knowledge of both the source and target languages. Translators need to understand different aspects of the source text linguistic, cultural, and beyond and ensure that they are rendered appropriately in the other language. This course provides an introduction to the practice of translation, allowing students to hone their skills translating from English into Spanish, and vice versa. Conducted in Spanish.

This course focuses on the writing of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry in Spanish, as well as on translating between English and Spanish. Through the use of varied readings and prompts, students will write brief creative texts. In addition to these exercises, students will produce a short story and a crónica to be workshopped by the class as a whole. The work and conversations in this course will allow students to broaden their language, the scope of their writing, and enjoy the rich possibilities granted by creative writing in Spanish. Throughout the semester, we will also connect with authors and translators by Zoom to hear about their creative processes and learn from their experiences with the craft. Conducted in Spanish.

Through focused discussion and applied activities, this course offers an in-depth inquiry into conceptual and practical aspects of grammar and mechanics in the Spanish language. Students will hone their written and verbal communication in, and refine their cultural and linguistic understanding of the Spanish language, while approaching the study of Spanish grammar from a conceptually, culturally, and politically-informed perspective. Class activities are designed to enhance not only the students command of Spanish, but also their understanding of relevant historical, political, symbolic and conceptual aspects of grammar. Spanish 399 covers the Area 2: Focused Language requirement for Spanish majors.

This course is an introduction to contemporary (20th and 21st century) Latin American Art, with a specific focus on painting and public art interventions. We begin with a Spanish-language role-immersion game that serves as a diachronic introduction to a wide variety of 20th century Latin American and Latinx art movements, including Cubism, Constructivism, Surrealism, Expressionism, Mexican Muralism, Indigenismo, Abstract Expressionism, Hyperrealism, Chicano Art, Street Art, and Nai¨f Art. In the context of the game, students will learn how to identify and analyze the formal elements of visual artworks (subject, form, color, line, proportion), and hone their public speaking skills using focused language related to Latin American art. Students will also critically reflect on topics related to diversity in the international art world, Afro-descendant and Indigenous representation and artistic production, the concept of art as politics, and the future of museums. In the second half of the semester, we will explore public art interventions throughout 20th and 21st century Latin America. Students will have the opportunity to engage with art through performances and exhibitions on campus, local and global public art projects, and a hands-on public art intervention of their own design.

This course focuses on different aspects of Medieval Spanish Literature. Topics previously offered have included Medieval Heroes, Saints and Sinners, The Image of Women, Love in Medieval Spain, and Death and Dying. Conducted in Spanish.

This course focuses on different aspects of early modern Spanish Literature. Topics previously offered have included Golden Age Drama and its Staging, Spanish Golden Age Sentimental Fiction, The Evolution of Spanish Romance, Renaissance and Baroque Poetry, and Literature of Multicultural Iberia. Conducted in Spanish.

A close reading of Cervantes' masterpiece in order to provide a coherent understanding of the work and its significance in its own time and for works of art that followed it. Through an analysis of such elements as its historical context, point of view, plot structure, characterization, interpolated novels and poems, language, and irony, the course defines the novels conception of narrative prose fiction and its role as the originator of the modern novel. Conducted in Spanish.

Thematic studies of literature and culture in Spain from the late Enlightenment to the Second Republic. Focusing on the relationship between writing, culture, and modernization, the course considers some of the ways in which authors, artists, and urbanists such as Jovellanos, Mesonero Romanos, Larra,Bécquer, de Castro, Pardo Bazán, Cerdà, Galdós, Unamuno, Maragall, and Valle Inclán helped determine the course of Spanish culture in an age of rapid industrial, technological, social, and political change. Conducted in Spanish.

This advanced literature seminar will explore a variety of modern and contemporary Latin American narrative texts that intersect with topics related to dictatorship, exile, identity exploration, aesthetic innovation, marginalization, and resistance. We will examine these topics through a selection of literary texts by Latin American writers. The main goal of this course is to acquire an understanding of a variety of 20th- and 21st-century Latin American narrative texts, as well as to gain an appreciation of the historical and literary contexts in which these texts emerged. Students will also continue to hone their critical reading and literary analysis skills at an advanced level. Conducted in Spanish.

Over the course of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, Spanish theater has reflected the nation's tumultuous history. It has challenged the status quo by staging many controversial topics: dictatorship, war, modern society, terrorism, immigration, domestic violence, and alterity. This course engages such themes both through the study of theater as literary text and the power of theater as performance. In class, students will not only read, watch and analyze dramatic texts, but also perform dramatized readings. The texts to be studied include plays by contemporary Spain's most notable playwrights: Federico García Lorca, Antonio Buero Vallejo, Jerónimo López Mozo, Diana M. de Paco Serrano, Gracia Morales, Juan Mayorga, Silvia Albert Sopale, and Luisa Cunillé. Conducted in Spanish.

This course examines various aspects of modern Spanish and Spanish-American poetry, focusing on specific groups or movements (such as Modernismo, Vanguardias, and Grupo Poético de 1927, for example) and key figures (Pablo Neruda, Antonio Machado, César Vallejo, and others). Conducted in Spanish.

An advanced course on the origins of Spanish-American literature. Readings emphasize the diversity of the colonial period, with in-depth analyses of works from several major genres. Topics previously offered have included Mesoamerican Codices and Myths and Counter-myths of the Conquista. Discussion focuses on the significance of these works from a contemporary perspective as well as on the historical and cultural distance that separates us from the world views contained therein. Conducted in Spanish.

A study of the novels of Puerto Rican, Mexican-American, U.S. Dominican, and Cuban-American writers from 1970 to the present. Explores how the experience of biculturality and displacement is dramatized in the literature of these authors. Conducted in Spanish.

This sociolinguistics course explores the presence, use and characteristics of Spanish in the U.S.. Main topics include: an overview of U.S. Latinx communities, the context of their presence here and their experience as an ethnolinguistic minority; bilingualism and language acquisition; 'Spanglish', borrowing, code-switching and other language-contact phenomena; language maintenance and loss; language policy and minority language rights; bilingual education; the Official English movement; linguistic identity and ideology; and the interaction between language, gender, race, social class and ethnicity. Includes an optional Community-Based Learning Project in the local Latinx community.

This course offers an introduction to the study of Second Language Acquisition (SLA), with a special focus on Spanish. Among other topics, we will discuss what it means to know and learn one or more languages, the similarities and differences between learning a second language and acquiring one's native tongue, study abroad, the benefits and limitations of immersion vs. classroom contexts, bilingual education, and heritage speakers of Spanish. We will also survey some approaches to second language teaching, and different areas of language development in Spanish, such as vocabulary, pronunciation and intercultural competence, for example. Includes an optional Community-Based Learning Project in the local Latinx community. Conducted in Spanish.

This course examines what it means to speak more than one language, with a particular focus on the Spanish-speaking world. Besides exploring the very notion of bilingualism, the course examines how individuals and communities come to be multilingual; the social, cognitive, and linguistic dimensions of knowing more than one language; and the typical results and dynamics of language contact, paying special attention to the contrast between communities where Spanish is a majority language in contact with indigenous and regional languages (e.g. Nahuatl and Quechua in Latin America, and Basque and Catalan in Spain), and communities in which it is a minority language (the US, where it coexists with English). Includes an optional Community-Based Learning Project in the local Latinx community. Conducted in Spanish.

This advanced literature course explores the evolution of the concept of gender and its literary representations in 19th- through 21st-century Peninsular writings. Students will examine the influence of Church and State on gender formation and explore the body as a site of conflict and, ultimately, awareness. Through the study of particular essays, novels, and short stories, this course analyzes the social and aesthetic tensions between the traditional ideal of the sexes (i.e. women and men as belonging to separate and irreconcilable spheres) and the revolutionary emerging notion of the new woman, whose role is no longer confined to the home. The selected texts reflect these different representations of gender while highlighting the tensions and transitions between the old and the new social roles. This is a reading-intensive course which includes primary texts as well as critical readings. Conducted in Spanish.

This course deepens student understanding of film analysis, with a focus on the development of the medium in Latin America. We will delve into social and political issues concerning historically marginalized voices and explore how cinematography, as an artistic medium, grapples with questions of representation, identity, memory, and activism. Movies will be screened in Spanish (and in some cases, Portuguese and indigenous languages, with Spanish subtitles). Conducted in Spanish.

This course focuses on the most relevant historical, political, and social issues in 20th -and 21st-century Spain as depicted through film and literature. We will read several literary texts and view eleven films plus one documentary which portray Spain at its different historical stages: the pre-Franco era (before 1939); the Spain of the civil war and the dictatorship years (1936-1975); the transition era (1975-77); and modern, democratic Spain (1975-present). Although the course is focused specifically on Spanish culture, it will foster intercultural reflection by contextualizing our analyses of the works within a global framework. Theoretical texts will help to guide our discussions on timely and universal topics such as the threat of authoritarianism; the role of democracy and democratic values; social and environmental justice; gender inequality; and human rights. Students will be expected to reflect critically on their own cultural assumptions and perceptions as we approach the study of culture from the perspective of our ethical responsibilities and civic engagement. All films will be watched outside of class. Conducted in Spanish.

This course provides a general overview of the historical and cultural developments that have shaped the Spanish language throughout the centuries. It also examines the main characteristics of Spanish and its different varieties spoken today. Conducted in Spanish.

This course studies the life and works of Spanish poet and playwright Federico García Lorca. Through analysis of his poems and plays, as well as his letters and speeches, the seminar contextualizes García Lorca's works within complex political, social, and literary movements during his lifetime. Discussion will focus on the power with which theater and poetry can communicate such vital and controversial human themes as gender identity, political ideology, freedom of self, feminist issues, public behavior and private desires, inequality, death, race and religion. Conducted in Spanish.

This seminar explores the ways in which U.S. Latinx identities (Latinidades) are constructed in literature and popular culture. We will read selected poetry, theater, fiction, and graphic novels to question how nation-specific identities work in tandem with and challenge the monolithic label of Latina/o. In addition, we will read theoretical texts and discuss examples of stand-up comedy, music, film, and other media to begin answering some of the following questions: What does it mean to be a Latina/o? How do we construct and assume Latinidad? How are Latinidades reflected in literature and pop culture? Do these art forms challenge or reaffirm mainstreams stereotypes about Latinos? In what ways are literature and pop culture viable means to discuss differences and pluralities among Chicanos, Dominicans, Cubans, Colombians, Puerto Ricans, and other groups? How do questions of race, ethnicity, nationality, citizenship, and languageenter into a discussion about identity construction? Readings and other media will be in Spanish, English, and Spanglish. Conducted in Spanish.

This course explores literary works and films created by some of the most prominent 19th- through 21st-century female writers and film directors in Spain. The selection of works includes poetry, novel, short story, drama, as well as feature films and one documentary. We will focus on the ways in which these written and visual texts incorporate female voices and perspectives as they portray political upheaval, social change, gender identity, and key cultural shifts in Spanish society. Given the importance of historical context in the reading and interpretation of texts, the course also incorporates the study of various literary movements and cultural trends such as Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, postwar Realism during the Franco dictatorship, as well as activist and feminist literature in democratic Spain. Additionally, the films included in the course engage with issues of colonialism, the environment, gender violence, and social justice. SPAN 461 is a reading-intensive course which includes primary texts as well as secondary sources. Conducted in Spanish.

Eligible third-year students may elect one or both of these courses only with the permission of the Department Chair. Tutorials are offered only to students who have taken previously all other advanced courses offered in a given semester. One unit each semester.

Eligible third-year students may elect one or both of these courses only with the permission of the Department Chair. Tutorials are offered only to students who have taken previously all other advanced courses offered in a given semester. One unit each semester.

Eligible fourth-year students may take this course only with the permission of the Department Chair. Tutorials are offered only to students who have taken previously all other advanced courses offered in a given semester.

This seminar will focus on women writers of the Early Modern period in Spain, including Santa Teresa de Jesús, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, and María de Zayas. Close textual readings and discussions of works in various genres (poetry, theater, novellas, essays) will delve into the worlds of mystics, lovers, saints, and sinners from the female perspective.

In recent years, there has been a new boom of Latin American fiction writers, which has brought renewed attention to literary production in the region. What is distinctive of this phenomenon is the prominence of women writers from all Latin American countries. Some of these writers are still in their home countries but publish their short stories or novels with foreign publishers or with local independent presses. Other writers have become migrants and are writing about Latin America from Germany, Spain, or the United States. This course will focus on some of the writers who have been gaining more visibility through media, literary competitions, and whose works have been getting translated into other languages. There will be a focus on current topics, including articulations of gender and sexuality, racism, various forms of social violence, as well as the literary techniques and genres women writers use to address contemporary concerns. Liliana Colanzi (Bolivia), Mónica Ojeda (Ecuador), Fernanda Melchor (México), Samanta Schweblin (Argentina), Rita Indiana (Dominican Republic), Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro (Puerto Rico), Denise Phé-Funchal (Guatemala) are some of the short story writers and novelists we will be reading throughout the semester. Readings, class discussions, and students work will be in Spanish.

Art can be a channel of many things: power, healing, joy, remembrance, activism, and self-reflection, among others. These specific traits are not mutually exclusive but might be intertwined so the artistic object becomes a powerful tool to face individual and social challenges. This course will explore arts ability to create change by analyzing different forms of art from the Spanish speaking world and from the 20th and 21st Centuries. We will critically discuss works of literature, graphic novel, cinema and visual arts that challenge the status quo either by shifting perspectives, decolonizing voices and spaces or reflecting on the silenced issues of our society.

This course focuses on the writing of the short story in Spanish. Through the use of varied prompts, students will write brief texts of fiction exploring character, point of view, time, dialogue, setting, and other key elements of the story. In addition to these exercises, students will produce two short stories to be workshopped by the class as a whole. Throughout the semester, we will also read and discuss canonical and contemporary works of short fiction from Latin America in order to hone different short story writing techniques. Additionally, we will connect with contemporary Latin American authors by video conference to hear about their creative processes and learn from their experiences with the craft. Conducted in Spanish.

This course explores race and racism in 15th- through 17th century literature written in the Iberian Peninsula and in its wider sociohistorical context. We will look at the origins of race through texts from early modern Portuguese and Spanish colonial projects in Iberia, Africa, and the Americas, including Gomes Eanes de Zuraras Chrónica do Descobrimento da Guiné, Francisco de Vitorias Des indiis, Bartolomé de Las Casas Brevísima relación, etc. These texts lay out early modern Iberian ideologies that contribute to race and radicalization such as honor, blood purity, and religious orthodoxy. We will also draw on the work of scholars of race from different disciplines to think about the history of anti-blackness (Ibram X. Kendi), get an overview of the major concepts of critical race theory (Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic), and consider the intersection of race and language (Nicholas R. Jones), and others.

This course considers how writers, reformers, and thinkers in Spain have conceptualized the natural realm in modern and more recent times. Focusing on human relationships with the nonhuman realm, it examines how Enlightenment practices of domination and control developed into more contemporary forms of ecological consciousness, resistance, and ethics. Through readings, visual arts, and film, we will explore how the land and living nature have both shaped human consciousness and been shaped by it, leading us to consider ecological relationships more broadly and inclusively.

This course explores different artistic responses brought upon by displacements, migrations and exiles from Latin America, Spain and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. We will focus on literary/artistic works spanning from the late 19th century to date, as well as the reactions and responses they garnered in their time. Throughout the semester we will study films, illustrations, poetry, short stories, essays, archival narratives and graphic novels. We will discuss the roles of colonialism, imperialism and war to contextualize the phenomenon of displacement in the Spanish-speaking world.